Einstein: This phenomenon would also lead to the construction of bombs...
Germany could have an atomic bomb. The Einstein-Szilard letter, 1939, warns FDR of the new fission discovery and kicks off the Manhattan Project.
Albert Einstein was the most renowned physicist in the world. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921, but come the 1930s, had to flee Germany and establish himself in the United States. His fame followed him. When physicists in the U.S. feared that Nazi Germany could be building an atomic bomb, Einstein wrote this letter to persuade the president to begin an American bomb program to compete.
In January 1939, word reached the U.S. that two German physicists had successfully split the uranium nucleus. This is called fission: the basis of the atomic bomb.
Physicists in America, including Oppenheimer and two of his Berkeley students, understood the significance of this discovery. Hungarian refugee-scientists Leo Szilard, Edward Teller, and Eugene Wigner persuaded Einstein to warn President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the apocalyptic implications. Nazi Germany could build an atomic bomb.
Einstein wrote the president and urged him to consider a bomb program to compete with Germany. A month later, Germany invaded Poland.
Nearly three years would pass before FDR heeded Einstein’s warning and authorized the atomic bomb project that we now know as the Manhattan Project. Einstein himself would not take part in the effort.
Albert Einstein
Old Grove Rd.
Nassau Point
Peconic, Long IslandAugust 2nd, 1939
F.D. Roosevelt,
President of the United States,
White House
Washington, D.C.Sir:
Some recent work by E. Fermi and L. Szilard, which has been communicated to me in manuscript, leads me to expect that the element uranium may be turned into a new and important source of energy in the immediate future. Certain aspects of the situation which has arisen seem to call for watchfulness and, if necessary, quick action on the part of the Administration. I believe therefore that it is my duty to bring to your attention the following facts and recommendations:
In the course of the last four months it has been made probable—through the work of Joliot in France as well as Fermi and Szilard in America—that it may become possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction in a large mass of uranium by which vast amounts of power and large quantities of new radium-like elements would be generated. Now it appears almost certain that this could be achieved in the immediate future.
This phenomenon would also lead to the construction of bombs, and it is conceivable—though much less certain—that extremely powerful bombs of a new type may thus be constructed. A single bomb of this type, carried by boat and exploded in a port, might very well destroy the whole port together with some of the surrounding territory. However, such bombs might very well prove to be too heavy for transportation by air.
The United States has only very poor ores of uranium in moderate quantities. There is some good ore in Canada and the former Czechoslovakia, while the most important source of uranium is Belgian Congo.
In view of this situation you may think it desirable to have some permanent contact maintained between the Administration and the group of physicists working on chain reactions in America. One possible way of achieving this might be for you to entrust with this task a person who has your confidence and who could perhaps serve in an inofficial capacity. His task might comprise the following:
a) to approach Government Departments, keep them informed of the further development, and put forward recommendations for Government action, giving particular attention to the problem of securing a supply of uranium ore for the United States.
b) to speed up the experimental work, which is at present being carried on within the limits of the budgets of University laboratories, by providing funds, if such funds be required, through his contacts with private persons who are willing to make contributions for this cause, and perhaps also by obtaining the co-operation of industrial laboratories which have the necessary equipment.
I understand that Germany has actually stopped the sale of uranium from the Czechoslovakian mines which she has taken over. That she should have taken such early action might perhaps be understood on the ground that the son of the German Under-Secretary of State, von Weizsäcker, is attached to the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut in Berlin where some of the American work on uranium is now being repeated.
Yours very truly,
Albert Einstein